Every Communication textbook I have read (one for every comm class I have taken, so a lot) has a section about Non Verbal communication. Oddly enough, none of my text books can agree on how much of our communication is sent Non Verbally; some say, 55%, some say, 85%, and some say as much as 93% of our communication is sent through non verbal channels. Of course each book cites a different study taken at a different time and or place in the U.S.. I suppose it has a lot to do with whether Tone also known as Paralanguage or Vocalics, is considered separate or a part of Non Verbal communication. I include Vocalics in the realm of Non Verbal because, even though it is the use of audible sound, it does not rely on words, thus is not a language. One thing is clear, the overwhelming majority of what we communicate is done with non verbals.
This confuses some people, because they are seldom conscious of what their body is doing while they are communicating, aside from the general hand gestures, and facial expressions; which by themselves doesn’t seem like a big percentage of our overall communication. In addition, when people think about how and what they communicate they are mostly thinking about what they intentionally communicate.
The Fact is, most of our non verbal communication is sub conscious and is a lot more involved than simple hand gestures and facial expressions. There are Five types of Non Verbal Communication, Kinesics, Haptics, Proxemics, Chronemics and Vocalics. (Vocalics is sometimes called Paralanguage, or Tone.) and it takes a very aware and mindful person to be aware of most of them. That being said, we all pick up on non verbals from others, and react and respond accordingly, but mostly this is done on a secondary level, almost subconscious and instinctual. The more consciously aware of someones non verbal communication, as well as your own, the more effective at communicating you will be. This is because you will not only pickup on what a person is saying with their words, but be consciously aware of what they are telling you with their non verbals, such as an emotion that alters the intent of the verbals, or be able to see when the non verbals and the verbals are conflicting. This might happen when someone is scared or nervous and pretending not to be, or if someone is lying, or if they are bored and not listening. All these things can be observed via non verbal communication, and if one is aware, they can alter and adjust their communication according.
So what are these five mysterious ways of communicating? Well the first is Kinesics. This is the one we are most familiar with; It is the way in which we move our body. Kinesics involves, facial expressions, and body movements. That might sound super simple, and well, it is a very simplified way of looking at it. In reality, the study of Kinesics is vast and having even a basic understanding can greatly improve ones awareness of non verbals. The study of Kinesics categorizes gestures and expressions, breaking them down by their meaning and what they communicate. For example: a nervous shaking of the legs or fidgeting of the hands is called an Adapter. Often times we thing this means that the person is not paying attention, when instead, it is the body’s way of channeling internal noise in an attempt to focus. There are five types of Gestures. You can read more about them by clicking the link below.
Kinesics: The Categories of Gesture
The second type of non verbal communication is Haptics. Haptics is a really fancy word for touch. Believe it or not, touch is a big part of how we communicate. Even the act of not touching communicates things. There are several different types of touch, each with its own meaning and context. For example: A doctor is associate with Professional touch, as such, is allowed to touch areas that would be inappropriate for others. We create social context and norms for all different types of touch, like when a coach smacks the butt of a football player it is to show encouragement and build camaraderie, yet, one can not simply go around smacking everyone’s butt. There are several different models of the touch categories, most of which say there are 5-8 types of touch. below are two links that help break down the differences, one of which breaks it down into five while the other has eight categories.
Haptic Communication: article 1
Haptic Communication: article 2
The next non verbal type is Proxemics, or the use of space. At first glance this might not seem to have a lot to do with how we communicate, but that is that subconscious part of non verbal. Space is very important in how we communicate, and how we utilize it says a lot about how we are feeling and what we want. Edward T. Hall came up with a system of how we use space in a social context, (this system can be applied to any culture, but may have different distances for different intervals.) basically showing what a cultures comfort level of space is for different types of communication. For example: invading ones personal space is seen as aggressive, either intimately or violently, and presents a whole different dynamic to the communication. Hall’s work talks about how we change our verbal and non verbal techniques based on proxemics. We use space to communicate far more than invading someones bubble. Think of how you Identify particular spaces as yours, or as someone else’; how your office or car is yours, decorated in your style, resembling your personal characteristics. What space you claim, and how you alter it is constantly communicating to others. Ones personal space is around four feet, but they then also have territories as well. Territorial space is another aspect of proxemics. Home is usually a primary space, while work or your car might be secondary or tertiary spaces.
Notice how the boss of a big corporation is always on the top floor? That is proxemics. Notice how the bosses office is larger, has a better view, how their office chair is bigger and sits slightly higher than the one on the other side of the desk…this is all the workings of proxemics.
Edward T. Hall: Proxemic Theory, 1966
By Nina Brown
Proxemics: Territories within Proxemics
Chronemics is the use of time while communicating. This particular non verbal type is a little more abstract yet can send very powerful messages to the receiver. You might ask yourself, How can time be used to communicate? But the answer is very simple. Have you ever needed to be somewhere and someone was waiting for you, but you became preoccupied with something else? Have you ever just said “oh, they can wait.” By controlling the time before, or during communication, you are using the concept of time to send a message, where it is, that you have something more important to do, or you just don’t want to discuss a particular thing and need to speed things up. Imagine you are going to a job interview, who set up the interview time? and what does it say of you (the interviewee) is late? what does it say if the interviewer is late? If you are late, it might suggest that the job is not as important to you as it should be, or that the time of the interview is outside of your normal operating schedule. When the interviewer is late, they are making you wait, and showing that they are in charge, as the interview can’t happen without them. We are a culture that values the concept that time is money. This makes Chronemics a very large part of non verbal business communication. Though it does not have as an intricate breakdown in its study, don’t let the simplicity fool you, time is a strong and powerful tool.
What is Chronemics?
Does the Way We Perceive Time Affect Technology Design?
Darrell Horton: Chronemics
Up until just a few years ago, the term Paralanguage was used for this last type of non verbal communication, but it has since been changed to Vocalics. In the past communication experts were conflicted about classify vocalics as a non verbal; as it refers to the pitch, tone, and speed, of speech. However, it also includes any sound that is not a word. This is where we get technical. A Phoneme is a sound of a particular and designated bit of language. We learn the ABCs and what sound each letter makes as children, these are the Phonemes of the English language. Then we use these sounds by putting them together to make more complex sounds called Morphemes. By putting a string of letters together and sounding out the phonemes associated with them we create a word, or Morpheme. These are the building blocks of language. These “phonemes” and “morphemes” are what constitute language. Paralanguage or Vocalics, is every other sound or noise that is not a word. For example, just by a person yelling or crying out, one can tell if it is a yell of pain, or joy, not by the words, or morphemes, but by other aspects of the vocal channel. These aspects of the vocal channel are not language in its strictest sense and are classified as non verbal, because in the realm of communication verbal refers to spoken language. (this is debatable from a anthropological view point of language.)
In this regard, vocalics can be broken down into two groups; that which is the delivery process of language, like pitch, tone, rate of speech, and other audible noises that do not fit the parameters of language, yet send clear messages of communication. This is an important part of our Media communication problem. As you can see in the pie chart in the beginning of the post, vocalics is responsible for a huge portion of interpreting the senders message. The importance of how something is said can mean a huge difference in its meaning.
NONVERBALS: Vocalics
Combine this with other non verbals and see how by just changing our non verbals we alter the entire message. How the word “hello” might seem friendly enough, but by just using proxemics to invade personal space, and vocalics in a tone that is suggestive, we have gone from a simple greeting to sexual harassment.
Using all of these types of Non Verbal Communication in effective ways will allow you to build trust and good rapport with others, by identifying, acknowledging, and understanding communication via non verbal channels.